APFSDS vs ABRAMS & LEOPARD 2 UPPER PLATE | apfsds critical angle

Monolithic tungsten penetrator vs highly angled RHA plates similar to the upper plate (or hull roof) of the Abrams & Leopard 2 main battle tanks. Tests conducted with a 25x500mm projectile at 1500m/s impacting a 50mm thick RHA plate to find the critical ricochet angle. The thickness is close, but not identical, to the tanks’ plates to reduce the number of simulations needed -the theories and critical angle would remain the same regardless The critical angle can be increased with an increased impact velocity.