Navigation and the Qibla: Cardinal Directions

How did the Early Muslims calculate the Qibla direction of their mosques? Topics include: Introduction, Challenges, Resource Materials, Finding the four cardinal directions: North, South, East, West. Oops, I just had an error pointed out to me concerning the dates I provided for the Sana’a manuscript. (09:30) which I said had been carbon dated to 570-665 AD. Those are the dates for the Birmingham manuscript. Sorry for giving the wrong manuscript. The Sana’a manuscript upper text is dated by Dr. Puin to