The achievement gap: ethnic inequalities in education and employment

It has long been observed that children and adults of African heritage tend to under-achieve academically and that this leads in later life to lower incomes, with all the attendant disadvantages which poverty brings. Strickland, B. R. (1972). Delay of gratification as a function of race of the experimenter. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 22(1), 108–112