Alfredo Ardila: Historical Development of Human Cognition

A brief overview of the book “Historical Development of Human Cognition” (Ardila, 2018) will be presented. Initially it will be emphasized that contemporary man (Homo sapiens) has lived on the earth since approximately 200 thousand years ago. During this time the brain’ s structure has barely changed. Consequently, recent human evolution represents a cultural evolution, which is not based on neuroanatomical changes, but rather on the development of certain cultural products. it is easy to conclude that human brain adaptation was accomplished to survive in Stone Age life conditions (representing over 95% of human history) more so than in conditions existing nowadays. Basic cognitive abilities existing in the Homo sapiens 200 housand years ago, and supporting human contemporary complex cognition can be regarded as “preadaptations”. Some examples of “preadaptations” are examined. Two examples of cultural evolution are discussed: (1) Origins of calculation abilities, and (2) Origins of writing. Calculation